Scaling Networks v6 Companion Guide is the official supplemental textbook for the Scaling Networks v6 course in the Cisco Networking Academy CCNA Routing and Switching curriculum.
The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.
The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course:
· Chapter objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter.
· Key terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter.
· Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than 250 terms.
· Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter.
· Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-of-chapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer.
How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.
Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics with dozens of exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.
Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course.
Packet Tracer Activities-Explore and visualize networking concepts using Packet Tracer exercises interspersed throughout the chapters and provided in the accompanying Labs & Study Guide book.
Hands-on Labs-Work through all the course labs and additional Class Activities that are included in the course and published in the separate Labs & Study Guide.
Introduction xx
Chapter 1 LAN Design 1
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3
Campus Wired LAN Designs (1.1) 4
Cisco Validated Designs (1.1.1) 4
The Need to Scale the Network (1.1.1.1) 4
Hierarchical Design Model (1.1.1.2) 6
Expanding the Network (1.1.2) 8
Design for Scalability (1.1.2.1) 8
Planning for Redundancy (1.1.2.2) 10
Failure Domains (1.1.2.3) 11
Increasing Bandwidth (1.1.2.4) 13
Expanding the Access Layer (1.1.2.5) 14
Fine-tuning Routing Protocols (1.1.2.6) 15
Selecting Network Devices (1.2) 17
Switch Hardware (1.2.1) 17
Switch Platforms (1.2.1.1) 17
Port Density (1.2.1.2) 21
Forwarding Rates (1.2.1.3) 22
Power over Ethernet (1.2.1.4) 23
Multilayer Switching (1.2.1.5) 24
Router Hardware (1.2.2) 26
Router Requirements (1.2.2.1) 26
Cisco Routers (1.2.2.2) 27
Router Hardware (1.2.2.3) 28
Managing Devices (1.2.3) 29
Managing IOS Files and Licensing (1.2.3.1) 30
In-Band versus Out-of-Band Management (1.2.3.2) 30
Basic Router CLI Commands (1.2.3.3) 31
Basic Router Show Commands (1.2.3.4) 34
Basic Switch CLI Commands (1.2.3.5) 38
Basic Switch Show Commands (1.2.3.6) 40
Summary (1.3) 43
Practice 44
Check Your Understanding Questions 45
Chapter 2 Scaling VLANs 47
Objectives 47
Key Terms 47
Introduction (2.0.1.1) 48
VTP, Extended VLANs, and DTP (2.1) 48
VTP Concepts and Operation (2.1.1) 49
VTP Overview (2.1.1.1) 49
VTP Modes (2.1.1.2) 50
VTP Advertisements (2.1.1.3) 52
VTP Versions (2.1.1.4) 53
Default VTP Configuration (2.1.1.5) 53
VTP Caveats (2.1.1.6) 55
VTP Configuration (2.1.2) 57
VTP Configuration Overview (2.1.2.1) 57
Step 1-Configure the VTP Server (2.1.2.2) 58
Step 2-Configure the VTP Domain Name and Password (2.1.2.3) 59
Step 3-Configure the VTP Clients (2.1.2.4) 60
Step 4-Configure VLANs on the VTP Server (2.1.2.5) 60
Step 5-Verify That the VTP Clients Have Received the New VLAN Information (2.1.2.6) 62
Extended VLANs (2.1.3) 63
VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (2.1.3.1) 63
Creating a VLAN (2.1.3.2) 65
Assigning Ports to VLANs (2.1.3.3) 66
Verifying VLAN Information (2.1.3.4) 67
Configuring Extended VLANs (2.1.3.5) 69
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (2.1.4) 71
Introduction to DTP (2.1.4.1) 71
Negotiated Interface Modes (2.1.4.2) 72
Troubleshoot Multi-VLAN Issues (2.2) 75
Inter-VLAN Configuration Issues (2.2.1) 75
Deleting VLANs (2.2.1.1) 75
Switch Port Issues (2.2.1.2) 77
Verify Switch Configuration (2.2.1.3) 79
Interface Issues (2.2.1.4) 81
Verify Routing Configuration (2.2.1.5) 82
IP Addressing Issues (2.2.2) 83
Errors with IP Addresses and Subnet Masks (2.2.2.1) 83
Verifying IP Address and Subnet Mask Configuration Issues (2.2.2.2) 85
VTP and DTP Issues (2.2.3) 88
Troubleshoot VTP Issues (2.2.3.1) 88
Troubleshoot DTP Issues (2.2.3.2) 89
Layer 3 Switching (2.3) 89
Layer 3 Switching Operation and Configuration (2.3.1) 90
Introduction to Layer 3 Switching (2.3.1.1) 90
Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (2.3.1.2) 91
Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (Con't.) (2.3.1.3) 92
Inter-VLAN Routing with Routed Ports (2.3.1.4) 94
Troubleshoot Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2) 95
Layer 3 Switch Configuration Issues (2.3.2.1) 95
Example: Troubleshooting Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2.2) 96
Summary (2.4) 99
Practice 99
Check Your Understanding Questions 100
Chapter 3 STP 105
Objectives 105
Key Terms 105
Introduction (3.0.1.1) 107
Spanning Tree Concepts (3.1) 108
Purpose of Spanning Tree (3.1.1) 108
Redundancy at OSI Layers 1 and 2 (3.1.1.1) 108
Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: MAC Database Instability (3.1.1.2) 109
Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Broadcast Storms (3.1.1.3) 111
Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Duplicate Unicast Frames (3.1.1.4) 113
STP Operation (3.1.2) 114
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Introduction (3.1.2.1) 114
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Port Roles (3.1.2.2) 117
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Bridge (3.1.2.3) 119
Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Path Cost (3.1.2.4) 121
Port Role Decisions for RSTP (3.1.2.5) 124
Designated and Alternate Ports (3.1.2.6) 127
802.1D BPDU Frame Format (3.1.2.7) 128
802.1D BPDU Propagation and Process (3.1.2.8) 131
Extended System ID (3.1.2.9) 136
Varieties of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2) 140
Overview (3.2.1) 140
Types of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.1) 140
Characteristics of the Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.2) 141
PVST+ (3.2.2) 143
Overview of PVST+ (3.2.2.1) 143
Port States and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.2) 144
Extended System ID and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.3) 146
Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3) 148
Overview of Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3.1) 148
RSTP BPDUs (3.2.3.2) 149
Edge Ports (3.2.3.3) 150
Link Types (3.2.3.4) 152
Spanning Tree Configuration (3.3) 153
PVST+ Configuration (3.3.1) 153
Catalyst 2960 Default Configuration (3.3.1.1) 153
Configuring and Verifying the Bridge ID (3.3.1.2) 154
PortFast and BPDU Guard (3.3.1.3) 156
PVST+ Load Balancing (3.3.1.4) 158
Rapid PVST+ Configuration (3.3.2) 160
Spanning Tree Mode (3.3.2.1) 161
STP Configuration Issues (3.3.3) 163
Analyzing the STP Topology (3.3.3.1) 164
Expected Topology versus Actual Topology (3.3.3.2) 164
Overview of Spanning Tree Status (3.3.3.3) 165
Spanning Tree Failure Consequences (3.3.3.4) 166
Repairing a Spanning Tree Problem (3.3.3.5) 169
Switch Stacking and Chassis Aggregation (3.3.4) 169
Switch Stacking Concepts (3.3.4.1) 169
Spanning Tree and Switch Stacks (3.3.4.2) 170
Summary (3.4) 173
Practice 174
Check Your Understanding Questions 174
Chapter 4 EtherChannel and HSRP 179
Objectives 179
Key Terms 179
Introduction (4.0.1.1) 180
Link Aggregation Concepts (4.1) 181
Link Aggregation (4.1.1) 181
Introduction to Link Aggregation (4.1.1.1) 181
Advantages of EtherChannel (4.1.1.2) 182
EtherChannel Operation (4.1.2) 183
Implementation Restrictions (4.1.2.1) 183
Port Aggregation Protocol (4.1.2.2) 185
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (4.1.2.3) 186
Link Aggregation Configuration (4.2) 188
Configuring EtherChannel (4.2.1) 188
Configuration Guidelines (4.2.1.1) 188
Configuring Interfaces (4.2.1.2) 189
Verifying and Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2) 191
Verifying EtherChannel (4.2.2.1) 191
Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2.2) 194
First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3) 198
Concept of First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1) 198
Default Gateway Limitations (4.3.1.1) 198
Router Redundancy (4.3.1.2) 199
Steps for Router Failover (4.3.1.3) 200
First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1.5) 201
HSRP Operations (4.3.2) 202
HSRP Overview (4.3.2.1) 203
HSRP Versions (4.3.2.2) 204
HSRP Priority and Preemption (4.3.2.3) 204
HSRP States and Timers (4.3.2.4) 205
HSRP Configuration (4.3.3) 206
HSRP Configuration Commands (4.3.3.1) 206
HSRP Sample Configuration (4.3.3.2) 207
HSRP Verification (4.3.3.3) 208
HSRP Troubleshooting (4.3.4) 209
HSRP Failure (4.3.4.1) 209
HSRP Debug Commands (4.3.4.2) 210
Common HSRP Configuration Issues (4.3.4.3) 213
Summary (4.4) 214
Practice 215
Check Your Understanding Questions 216
Chapter 5 Dynamic Routing 219
Objectives 219
Key Terms 219
Introduction (5.0.1.1) 221
Dynamic Routing Protocols (5.1) 222
Types of Routing Protocols (5.1.1) 222
Classifying Routing Protocols (5.1.1.1) 222
IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (5.1.1.2) 224
Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.1.1.3) 226
Link-State Routing Protocols (5.1.1.4) 226
Classful Routing Protocols (5.1.1.5) 228
Classless Routing Protocols (5.1.1.6) 231
Routing Protocol Characteristics (5.1.1.7) 233
Routing Protocol Metrics (5.1.1.8) 234
Distance Vector Dynamic Routing (5.2) 236
Distance Vector Fundamentals (5.2.1) 236
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.1.1) 236
Cold Start (5.2.1.2) 237
Network Discovery (5.2.1.3) 238
Exchanging the Routing Information (5.2.1.4) 239
Achieving Convergence (5.2.1.5) 241
Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.2) 242
Distance Vector Technologies (5.2.2.1) 242
Distance Vector Algorithm (5.2.2.2) 242
Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.2.3) 245
Routing Information Protocol (5.2.3.1) 245
Enhanced Interior-Gateway Routing Protocol (5.2.3.2) 246
Link-State Dynamic Routing (5.3) 248
Link-State Routing Protocol Operation (5.3.1) 248
Shortest Path First Protocols (5.3.1.1) 248
Dijkstra's Algorithm (5.3.1.2) 248
SPF Example (5.3.1.3) 249
Link-State Updates (5.3.2) 251
Link-State Routing Process (5.3.2.1) 251
Link and Link-State (5.3.2.2) 252
Say Hello (5.3.2.3) 256
Building the Link-State Packet (5.3.2.4) 257
Flooding the LSP (5.3.2.5) 258
Building the Link-State Database (5.3.2.6) 259
Building the SPF Tree (5.3.2.7) 260
Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (5.3.2.8) 264
Link-State Routing Protocol Benefits (5.3.3) 264
Why Use Link-State Protocols? (5.3.3.1) 264
Disadvantages of Link-State Protocols (5.3.3.2) 265
Protocols That Use Link-State (5.3.3.3) 267
Summary (5.4) 268
Practice 269
Check Your Understanding Questions 269
Chapter 6 EIGRP 273
Objectives 273
Key Terms 273
Introduction (6.0.1.1) 274
EIGRP Characteristics (6.1) 274
EIGRP Basic Features (6.1.1) 274
Features of EIGRP (6.1.1.1) 274
Protocol Dependent Modules (6.1.1.2) 276
Reliable Transport Protocol (6.1.1.3) 278
Authentication (6.1.1.4) 279
EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2) 279
EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2.1) 279
EIGRP Hello Packets (6.1.2.2) 280
EIGRP Update and Acknowledgment Packets (6.1.2.3) 281
EIGRP Query and Reply Packets (6.1.2.4) 283
EIGRP Messages (6.1.3) 284
Encapsulating EIGRP Messages (6.1.3.1) 284
EIGRP Packet Header and TLV (6.1.3.2) 285
Implement EIGRP for IPv4 (6.2) 289
Configure EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.1) 289
EIGRP Network Topology (6.2.1.1) 289
Autonomous System Numbers (6.2.1.2) 291
The router eigrp Command (6.2.1.3) 292
EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.4) 293
Configuring the EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.5) 295
The network Command (6.2.1.6) 296
The network Command and Wildcard Mask (6.2.1.7) 298
Passive Interface (6.2.1.8) 300
Verify EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.2) 302
Verifying EIGRP: Examining Neighbors (6.2.2.1) 302
Verifying EIGRP: show ip protocols Command (6.2.2.2) 304
Verifying EIGRP: Examine the IPv4 Routing Table (6.2.2.3) 306
EIGRP Operation (6.3) 309
EIGRP Initial Route Discovery (6.3.1) 309
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacency (6.3.1.1) 310
EIGRP Topology Table (6.3.1.2) 311
EIGRP Convergence (6.3.1.3) 312
EIGRP Metrics (6.3.2) 313
EIGRP Composite Metric (6.3.2.1) 313
Examining Interface Metric Values (6.3.2.2) 315
Bandwidth Metric (6.3.2.3) 316
Delay Metric (6.3.2.4) 319
How to Calculate the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.5) 320
Calculating the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.6) 321
DUAL and the Topology Table (6.3.3) 323
DUAL Concepts (6.3.3.1) 323
Introduction to DUAL (6.3.3.2) 324
Successor and Feasible Distance (6.3.3.3) 324
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition, and
Reported Distance (6.3.3.4) 326
Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (6.3.3.5) 328
Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (Cont.) (6.3.3.6) 329
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor (6.3.3.7) 332
DUAL and Convergence (6.3.4) 334
DUAL Finite State Machine (FSM) (6.3.4.1) 334
DUAL: Feasible Successor (6.3.4.2) 335
DUAL: No Feasible Successor (6.3.4.3) 338
Implement EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4) 341
EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1) 341
EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1.1) 341
Compare EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 (6.4.1.2) 342
IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.1.3) 344
Configure EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.2) 345
EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology (6.4.2.1) 345
Configuring IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.2.2) 347
Configuring the EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Process (6.4.2.3) 349
The ipv6 eigrp Interface Command (6.4.2.4) 350
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.3) 352
IPv6 Neighbor Table (6.4.3.1) 352
The show ip protocols Command (6.4.3.2) 354
The EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Table (6.4.3.3) 355
Summary (6.5) 358
Practice 359
Check Your Understanding Questions 360
Chapter 7 EIGRP Tuning and Troubleshooting 365
Objectives 365
Key Terms 365
Introduction (7.0.1.1) 366
Tune EIGRP (7.1) 366
Automatic Summarization (7.1.1) 366
Network Topology (7.1.1.1) 367
EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.2) 369
Configuring EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.3) 371
Verifying Auto-Summary: show ip protocols (7.1.1.4) 372
Verifying Auto-Summary: Topology Table (7.1.1.5) 375
Verifying Auto-Summary: Routing Table (7.1.1.6) 376
Summary Route (7.1.1.7) 378
Summary Route (Cont.) (7.1.1.8) 379
Default Route Propagation (7.1.2) 380
Propagating a Default Static Route (7.1.2.1) 380
Verifying the Propagated Default Route (7.1.2.2) 382
EIGRP for IPv6: Default Route (7.1.2.3) 383
Fine-tuning EIGRP Interfaces (7.1.3) 384
EIGRP Bandwidth Utilization (7.1.3.1) 385
Hello and Hold Timers (7.1.3.2) 386
Load Balancing IPv4 (7.1.3.3) 388
Load Balancing IPv6 (7.1.3.4) 390
Troubleshoot EIGRP (7.2) 392
Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP (7.2.1) 392
Basic EIGRP Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.1.1) 392
Components (7.2.1.2) 394
Troubleshoot EIGRP Neighbor Issues (7.2.2) 397
Layer 3 Connectivity (7.2.2.1) 397
EIGRP Parameters (7.2.2.2) 398
EIGRP Interfaces (7.2.2.3) 399
Troubleshoot EIGRP Routing Table Issues (7.2.3) 401
Passive Interface (7.2.3.1) 401
Missing Network Statement (7.2.3.2) 403
Autosummarization (7.2.3.3) 405
Summary (7.3) 410
Practice 411
Check Your Understanding
